Guides

Short, practical answers to the questions people ask most, each with a free tool you can use right away.

• How to Change Case in Word, Excel and Google Docs

  Switch text to UPPERCASE, lowercase, Title Case or Sentence case in Microsoft Word, Excel and Google Docs, with shortcuts, formulas and a free online option.

  Tool: Convert Case

• How to Remove Duplicate Lines (Excel, Notepad++ and Online)

  Remove duplicate lines from a list in Excel, Google Sheets, Notepad++, PowerShell, the Linux terminal or with a free online tool, and keep the original order.

  Tool: Remove Duplicate Lines

• How to Count Words in Word, Google Docs and Excel

  Count words and characters in Microsoft Word, Google Docs and Excel, count only selected text, and see what counts as a word. Includes a free online counter.

  Tool: Word Counter

• Character Limits for Every Platform (Social Media, SMS, SEO)

  A cheat sheet of character limits for X, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, SMS, page titles and meta descriptions, with a free character counter.

  Tool: Character Counter

• Title Case Rules: AP vs APA vs Chicago vs MLA

  Learn which words to capitalise in a title under AP, APA, Chicago and MLA style, see the same title in each style, and convert yours with a free tool.

  Tool: Title Case

• What Is a SHA-256 Hash and How Do You Generate One?

  SHA-256 explained in plain words: what a hash is, what it is used for, how it differs from MD5 and SHA-1, and how to generate a SHA-256 hash for text or a file.

  Tool: SHA-256 Hash Generator

• How Long Should a Password Be? Length, Passphrases and Strength

  How long a password should be, why length beats complexity, how passphrases compare, and how to create strong passwords you can actually use.

  Tool: Password Generator

• What Is Base64 Encoding and How Does It Work?

  Base64 explained simply: why it exists, how it turns bytes into text, how to encode and decode it, and why it is not encryption. With examples and a free tool.

  Tool: Base64 Encode / Decode

• What Is a UUID? Versions, Uniqueness and When to Use Them

  What a UUID is, how v4 and v7 differ, whether two UUIDs can collide, and how UUIDs compare with auto-increment IDs for databases.

  Tool: UUID Generator

• Unix Timestamps Explained: Epoch Time, Seconds and Milliseconds

  What a Unix timestamp is, how to convert epoch time to a date in JavaScript, Python and SQL, the difference between seconds and milliseconds, and the year 2038 problem.

  Tool: Unix Timestamp Converter

• HEX, RGB and HSL: Color Formats Explained (With Conversions)

  How HEX, RGB, HSL, HSV and CMYK color codes work, how to convert between them by hand, and how to pick colors with enough contrast for readable text.

  Tool: Color Converter

• How to Compress an Image Without Losing Quality

  How to make JPG, PNG and WebP files much smaller while keeping them sharp: quality settings, resizing, the best format, and compressing to an exact size like 200 KB.

  Tool: Compress Image

• PNG vs JPG vs WebP: Which Image Format Should You Use?

  A clear comparison of PNG, JPG and WebP: file size, quality, transparency, browser support, and which one to choose for photos, logos, screenshots and websites.

  Tool: Image Converter

• Social Media Image Sizes: A Cheat Sheet for Every Post

  The right pixel sizes for Instagram, Facebook, X, LinkedIn and YouTube pictures, plus how to resize and crop to those exact sizes for free.

  Tool: Resize Image

• How to Calculate a Mortgage Payment (Formula and Example)

  The mortgage payment formula with a worked example, how amortization and interest rate change the payment, Canadian semi-annual compounding, and how extra payments save interest.

  Tool: Mortgage Payment Calculator

• How to Calculate Percentages: Percent Of, Increase and Decrease

  Learn how to find a percentage of a number, a percentage increase or decrease, and the original amount, with formulas, worked examples and mental maths tricks.

  Tool: Percentage Calculator